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Occurrence and Formation process

Occurrence of minerals were summaried from the view of concentration process. Some occurrences are explained by a single formation process, whereas others are explained by combination of them. Photograph of outcrops and mines are shown to describe occurrences of each mineral.

Localities described below may be now closed to collecting by authorities or land owners.

Physical Process

Ground surface (Pysical)

Biological Process

Biological

Chemical Process (Vapor-phase Growth)

Ground surface (Chemical)

Closed system under ground (Melt precipitation)

Chemical Process (Liquid-Vapor phase Growth)

Closed system under ground (Melt precipitation, High - Moderate pressure)

Closed system under ground (Melt precipitation, Low pressure, NYF family)

Closed system under ground (Melt precipitation, Low pressure, LCT family)

Chemical Process (Liquid-phase Growth)

Ground surface (Chemical)

Under water (Sediments)

Closed system under ground (Melt precipitation)

Open system under ground (Aqueous solution precipitation along fissures)

Chemical Process (Solution-Rock interaction, Dispersed in the host)

Ground surface (Meteoric)

Ground surface (Submarine)

Open system under ground (Groundwater)

Open system under ground (Acidic metasomatism, Alunitization)

Open system under ground (Intermediate acidic metasomatism)

Open system under ground (Neutral metasomatism)

Open system under ground (Alkaline metasomatism, Zeolitization)

Open system under ground (Alkaline metasomatism by serpentinization)

Chemical Process (Solid-phase growth)

Burial Metamorphism (Low-P, Low-T)

Contact metamorphic facies series (Low-P, High-T)

Middle-pressure metamorphic facies series (Barrovian type)

High-pressure metamorphic facies series (Franciscan type)

Combination of elemental formation processes

Weathering of elemental processes

Residual placer + Aluminous rock

Residual placer + Peridotite (Serpentinite)

Supergene of elemental processes

Meteoric oxidation zone + Hydrothermal (Moderate-T)

Marine oxidation zone + Hydrothermal (Moderate-T)

Gossan zone + Bedded Mn (Prehnite-Pumpellyite facies)

Marine oxidation zone + Bedded Mn (Prehnite-Pumpellyite facies)

Lower oxidation zone + Besshi Massive Sulfide

Meteoric oxidation zone + Serpentinization

Meteoric oxidation zone + Sandstone-type uranium

Combination of hydrothermal fluid and elemental processes

Hydrothermal ( High-T + Moderate-T + Low-T )

Pneumatolytic + Skarn (Ilmenite-series)

Pneumatolytic + Mn Skarn (Hornblende-hornfels facies)

Hydrothermal (High-T) + Skarn (Ilmenite-series)

Hydrothermal (Moderately high-T) + Skarn (Magnetite-series) or Skarn (Ilmenite-series)

Hydrothermal (Moderate-T) + Skarn (Magnetite-series) or Skarn (Ilmenite-series)

Hydrothermal (Moderate-T) + Skarn (Magnetite-series) + Oxidation zone of serpentinite

Hydrothermal (Moderately low-T) + Skarn (Magnetite-series)

Metasomatic + Skarn

Metasomatic + Hydrothermal (Moderate-T) + Magmatic

Hydrothermal (Au-Te-Bi) + Skarn (Magnetite-series)

Hydrothermal (Au-Te-Bi) + Greenschist facies

Hydrothermal (Au-Te-Bi) + Pegmatite (Beryl)

Hydrothermal (Au-Te-Bi) + Pegmatite (Miarolitic)

Combination of regional metamorphism and elemental processes

Pelitic-Mafic type Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide + Greenschist facies to Low-pressure Granulite facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Diagenesis

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Low-temperature zeolite facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + High-temperature zeolite facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Prehnite-Pumpellyite facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Pumpellyite-Actinolite facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Greenschist facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Epidote-Amphibolite facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Amphibolite facies

Limestone + Greenschist facies

Serpentinization + Sedimentary Rock + Greenschist facies

Serpentinization + Amphibolite facies

Combination of contact metamorphism and elemental processes

Limestone + Hornblende-hornfels facies or Pyroxene-hornfels facies

Limestone + Sanidinite facies

Limestone + Dolomitization + Hornblende-hornfels facies or Pyroxene-hornfels facies

Woods + Albite-Epidote-hornfels facies

Coal + Pyroxene-hornfels facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Albite-Epidote-hornfels facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Hornblende-hornfels facies

Ocean-floor Manganese Nodule and/or Ocean-floor Manganese Crust + Pyroxene-hornfels facies

Peridotite + Hornblende-hornfels facies

Serpentinization + Hornblende-hornfels facies

S-type Granite or Granodiorite + Hornblende-hornfels facies

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