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Kunimi Formaiton Tsukano and Miura, 1954

Invalid synonym: Kawanishi Formation, Fukatani Formation, Oniu Formaiton, Tobu Formation

• Coherent formation
• Sedimenary basin associated with mangrove forest
• early - middle Miocene (18 - 16 Ma; 17.5, 15.8 Ma, FT)
• Intruded by: Basalt - Andesite dykes

• Sedimentary facies: Fluvial, Brackish, Shallow marine
• Sedimentary facies: River channel, Flood plain, Water channel, River mouth channel, Salt marsh, Mud flat, River mouth barrier island, Tidal inlet, Shoreface
• Lithofacies: Sandstone, Siltstone, Conglomerate
• Lithofacies (Minor): Dacite pumiceous lapilli tuff, Tuff
• Sedimentary structures: Parallel stratification, Trough cross-stratification, Swaley cross-stratification, Wave-ripple cross-stratification, Herringbone cross-stratification

• Thickness: 600 - 700 m
• Upper limit: bottom of AT-1
• Upper limit: Transitional (Aratani Formation), Unconformity (Kunimidake Volcanic Rocks, Ichinose Rhyolite, Middle II Marine Terrace Deposits)
• Lower limit: top of dcite pymiceous lapilli tuff and tuff
• Lower limit: Conformity (Itoo Formation)

------ Conformity, ~~~~~~ Unconformity, ~~~--- Local unconformity, '''/,, Interfingered, :::::: Fault, /--/-- Thrust, +__+__ Ground surface, ?--?-- Unknown

• Distribution: Echizen seashore, Echizen city, Nyu county, Fukui pref.
• Fossils: Deers (Amphirtraglus sp.), Elephants (Paleochoerus? sp.), Soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx sp.), Fish (Clupeidae), Barnacles
• Fossils (Shellfishes): Anadara (Hataiarca) kakehataensis, Anodonta? sp., Anomia sp., Apolymetis takaii, Batillaria toshioi, Batissa bihokuensis, Cantharus yatsuoensis, Cardium? sp., Cerithideopsilla yatsuoensis, Chicoreus (Rizophorimurex) asanoi, Clementia (Clementia) papyracea, Crassostrea gravitesta, Cultellus (Cultellus) izumoensis, Cyclina japonica, Diplodonta ferruginata, Ellobium yatsuoensis, Euspira meisensis, Gari (Psammocola) ibarakiensis, Geloina stachi, Hiatula minoensis, Laternula? sp., Lithophaga (Lithophaga) sp., Macoma sp., Megaxinus (Megaxinus) khatai, Meretrix arugai, Murex (Murex) yasunoi, Naticidae, Paphia sp., Phacosoma nomurai, Phacosoma suketoensis, Phos sp., Pugilina osawanoensis, Reticunassa sp., Siphonaria cf. minuta, Solen (Solen) cf. strictus, Solidicorbula succincta, Spisula? sp., Striarca elongata, Striarca uetsukiensis, Tateiwaia tateiwai, Teinostoma itoigawai, Tellina notoensis, Tiberia sp., Vasticardium? sp., Vicarya yokoyamai, Vicaryella bacula, Vicaryella notoensis
• Fossils (Daijima-type flora): Acer sp., Alangium aequalifolium, Alnus cf. japonica, Camellia sp., Celitis sp., Comptonia naumanni, Cyclocarya ezoana, Fabaceae, Laurophyllum sp., Lindera? sp., Liquidambar miocenica, Machilus sp., Mallotus, Metasequoia occidentalis, Parrotia pristina, Quercus sp., Stewartia submonadelpha, Ulmus carpinoides, Ulmus longifolia, Vitis sp., Zelkova ungeri
• Fossils (Pollen): Mangroves, Sonneratia sp.
• Fossils (Trace fossils): Ophiomorpha isp., Elephants (Footprints)
• Tephra (Pyroclastic flow deposit): K0, K1, K2, K3, K4 (17.5, 15.8 Ma, FT), K5, K6, K7, K8, K9 (16.5 Ma, FT), K10, K11

• Yamanoi et al. (2008) Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, vol.114, no.5, pp.262-266 DOI
• Kano et al. (2007) Geology of the Fukui District, Quadrangle Series, Scale 1:50,000, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, 68p.